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General Military History
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Introduction
Edmonton & the 49th
Canadian Militia
Edmonton Militia
Not Prepared
Outbreak of War
Birth of the 49th Battalion
Billy's Own
Training in England
Trench Warfare
The Ypres Salient
The Somme
Vimy and Passchendaele
The Last Few Months
Not Quite Ordinary Citizens
The 49th Returns Home
The 1920s
The 1930s
War Again
Return to Battle
Overseas Again
False Start
A Long Wait for Action
Sicily
Italy
Ortona
Line after Line
Italy to the Netherlands
The Spirit of Lestock
Home Defence
A Peacetime Regiment Again
The Late 50s through the 70s
The 80s and 90s
A New Century
Unexpected Wars
A Hot War in Afghanistan
Back on the Home Front
About the Author
About the Battle of Ortona Painting
Canadian Military History
Introduction
Beginnings
Boer War
First World War
Causes
Going to War
Canada's Army
Battlefront 1915-16
Trench Warfare
Ypres
Flanders
The Somme
Homefront 1915-16
Battlefront 1917
Changing Tactics
Vimy Ridge
Passchendaele
Homefront 1917
Battlefront 1918
Spring Offensive
Canada's 100 Days
Life in the Trenches
Trench System
Home & Graveyard
Sea & Air
War & Sacrifice
War & Nationhood
Interwar Years
Veterans' Rights
New World Order
The Dictatorships
Fascism
Communism
Hitler
Rights & Freedoms
Appeasement
Canada
Second World War
Blitzkrieg
Canada at War
Homefront 1939-40
German Stranglehold
Battle of Britain
Battle of the Atlantic
New Combatants
Italy
USSR
Japan
Early Losses
Hong Kong
Dieppe
The Tide Turns
Homefront 1940-45
Enemy Aliens
Voluntarism
Conscription
Italy
Sicily
Italian Invasion
Ortona
The Final Phase
Liberation of France
D-Day
Caen
Falaise
The Low Countries
The Scheldt
The Netherlands
The Holocaust
Pacific Theatre
War Experiences
Army
Air Force
Navy
Women
Prisoners of War
Death Marches
1945 to Present
Veterans' Rights
Foreign Policy
Cold War
Korean War
Origins
Early Stages
Canadian Participation
Kap'Yong
Chail-li
Hill 355
Troop Rotations
The Soldier's World
Peace
Peacekeeping
Canada's Role
Suez Crisis
Cyprus
Yugoslavia
Risks
Gulf War
Kosovo
Changing Policy
Afghanistan
About the Authors
Chronology
New France, 1600 - 1730
1600-1649
Pre-Contact
French-Iroquois Confrontation: 1609
Destruction of Port Royal: 1613
Iroquois-Dutch Trade Established: 1614
Iroquois Offensive: 1615
First Citizen Defence Force in Canada-Port Royal: 1627
Fall of Quebec: 1629
Return of Quebec to France, 1632
Iroquois Raids: 1640
Iroquois Warfare: 1640-1650
Founding of Montreal and Fort Richelieu: 1642
Iroquois Offensive against the Huron-Wendat: 1647-1649
Protecting the St. Lawrence Trade Route: 1647-1649
1650-1730
Canada's First Militia Units: 1650-1651
Militia Defeats: 1652-1659
Battle of Long Sault: 2-10 May 1660
Canadian Request for French Troops: 1661-1662
Soldats de la Sainte-Famille de Jésus, Marie et Joseph: 1663-1666
French Regulars Sent to Canada: 1665
Courcelle's Counteroffensive against the Iroquois: 30 Jan -17 Mar 1666
Marquis de Tracy's Offensive: Sept 1666
Withdrawal of French Troops and "Soldier-Settlers": 1667
Reorganization of the Canadian Militia: 1669-1673
Hudson's Bay Company: 1670
Fort Frontenac: 1673
Iroquois Offensive: 1682
Compagnies franches de la Marine: 1683
French Expedition to James Bay: 1686
Canadian Officers in the Troupes de la Marine: 1687
War in Europe and the Iroquois Offensive: 1689
Frontenac's Counteroffensive: Feb - Mar 1690
Defence of Quebec: Oct 1690
Frontenac's Victory: 1692-1696
War of the Spanish Succession: 1702-1713
Fortification of New France: 1720-1736
Imperial Rivalry, 1731 - 1763
King George's War-the Siege of Louisbourg: 1745
French Expansion to the South: 1750-1754
Anglo-American Expeditions to the Ohio Valley: 1753-1754
Reinforcements for Canada: 18 May 1755
British Conquest of Acadia: June 1755
Fort Duquesne and Braddock's Defeat: 9 July 1755
Declaration of War and British Strategy: 1756
Vaudrueil's War Plans: 1756
Franco-Canadian Victory at Oswego: 11 Aug 1756
Fort William Henry: 9 Aug 1757
Siege of Louisbourg: 30 May-27 July 1758
Battle of Ticonderoga: 8 July 1758
Siege of Quebec: 26 June-13 Sept 1759
Battle of Ste.-Foy: 28 Apr 1760
Fall of New France: 9 Sept 1760
Pontiac's War: 23 May-28 Nov 1763
Colony to Confederation, 1764 - 1866
1764-1811
Quebec Act: 1774
First American Attack on Canada: 10 May-10 June 1775
British Regiments Established in Canada: 12 June 1775
Siege of Quebec: 1775-1776
Battle of the Cedars: 19 May 1776
American Retreat from Trois-Rivières: 8 July 1776
Battle of Saratoga: 17 Oct 1777
Canadian-Mohawk Raids: 1778
American Offensives against the Iroquois: 1779
British Surrender at Yorktown: 19 Oct 1781
Treaty of Paris: 4 Feb 1783
North West Company: 1788
Queen's Rangers: 1792
Fortification of Halifax Harbour: 1793-1798
British Regiments Established in Canada: 1793
Fort Edmonton Established: 1795
British Blockade of France: 1805
Leopard-Chesapeake Incident: 22 June 1807
Militia Act: 1808
Isaac Brock Posted to Upper Canada: 1810
Battle of Tippecanoe: 7 Nov 1811
1812-1814 (War of 1812)
American Declaration of War: 18 June 1812
Capture of Michilimackinac: 16 July 1812
Surrender of Fort Detroit: 16 Aug 1812
Battle of Queenston Heights: 13-14 Oct 1812
Destruction of York: 26-30 April 1813
Battle of Stoney Creek: 5-6 June 1813
Battle of Moraviatown: 5 Oct 1813
Battle of Châteauguay: 25 Oct 1813
Battle of Crysler's Farm: 11 Nov 1813
Battle of Lundy's Lane: 25 July 1814
Burning of Washington: 24-25 Aug 1814
Treaty of Ghent: 24 Dec 1814
1815-1866
Construction of the Rideau Canal and Fort Henry, Kingston: 1832-1836
Rebellion in Lower Canada: 6-15 Nov 1837
Rebellion in Upper Canada: 5-16 Dec 1837
Battle of Grand Coteau—North Dakota: 12-14 July 1851
Militia Act: 1855
100th Royal Canadian Regiment of Foot: 1858
American Civil War: 1861-1865
Fenian Raid-Ridgeway: 31 May-2 June 1866
Young Nation, 1867 - 1898
Lieutenant-Colonel George T. Denison Publishes Modern Cavalry: 1868
First Federal Militia Act: 1868
Red River Expedition: 1870
Last Fenian Raid-Vermont-Quebec Border: 25 May-7 June 1870
Establishment of the North-West Mounted Police: 1873-1874
Reforms in Canadian Militia Command: 1874
Royal Military College, Kingston: June 1876
Battle of the Little Bighorn: 25 June 1876
First Imperial Request for Canadian Troops: 1884
North-West Rebellion: 1885
Medical Services during the North-West Rebellion: Apr 1885
Battle of Fish Creek: 24 Apr 1885
Battle of Cut Knife Hill: 2 May 1885
Battle of Batoche: 9-12 May 1885
Battle of Frenchman's Butte: 28 May 1885
The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente: 1890-1905
German Naval Expansion and the Dominion Fleet Proposal: 1897
Yukon Field Force: May 1898
Boer War, 1899 - 1902
Boer War: 11 Oct 1899-31 May 1902
Canadian Troops for South Africa-Laurier's Dilemma: 1899-1900
Canadian Army Medical Department: 1899
"Black Week," South Africa: 10-15 Dec 1899
Battle of Paardeberg: 18-27 Feb 1900
Canada's South African Contingent: Oct -Nov 1900
Peace of Vereeniging: 31 May 1902
Imperial Influences, 1903-13
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1903
Russo-Japanese War, 1905
Naval Service Bill, 1910
Naval Aid Bill, 1912
Balkan Wars: 17 Oct 1912-10 Aug 1913
First World War, 1914-18
1914
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: 28 June 1914
Outbreak of the First World War: 28 July 1914
Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII: Aug 1914
Canadian Mobilization: Aug. 1914.
Formation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1: Sept. 1914
First Canadian Contingent Embarks for Europe: 12-16 Oct 1914
Canadian Contingent Kept Intact: 12-16 Oct. 1914.
1915
First Canadian Troops Deployed on Western Front: 6 Jan 1915
Second Canadian Contingent Embarks for Europe: Jan-May 1915
Canadians Conduct the First Trench Raid of the War: 28 Feb 1915
Ross Rifle Controversy: 1915
First Gas Attack on the Western Front-the Second Battle of Ypres: 22 Apr 1915
Creation of the Canadian Corps: 13 Sept 1915
British Officer Appointed to Command the Canadians: 16 Oct 1915
1916
Arrival of the 3rd Canadian Division: Mar 1916
Battle of St Eloi Craters, Belgium: 6-19 Apr 1916
Byng Replaces Alderson As Commander of the Canadian Corps: 28 May 1916
Mont Sorrel, Belgium: 1-13 June 1916
Somme Offensive: 1 July-18 Nov. and Courcelette, France: 15 Sept 1916
Canadian Corps Transferred to the Vimy Sector: Nov 1916
4th Canadian Division Joins the Canadian Corps: 30 Nov 1916
1917
"Flash Spotting" and "Sound Ranging": Jan-Mar 1917
American Declaration of War: 6 Apr 1917
Billy Bishop Wins Military Cross: 8 Apr 1917
Vimy Ridge: 9 Apr 1917
Conscription Crisis: 1917
Russian Revolution: 25 Oct 1917
Halifax Explosion: 6 Dec 1917
Armistice of Brest-Litovsk: 10 Dec 1917
1918
Canadian Troops in Northern Russia: Mar 1918-Aug 1919
Ludendorff Offensives: 21 Mar-19 July 1918
Captain Roy Brown Shoots Down the Red Baron: 21 Apr 1918
Amiens-"The Black Day of the German Army": 8 Aug 1918
Canadian Breakthrough at Quéant, France: 2 Sept 1918
Siberian Expedition: Oct 1918-Apr 1919
Armistice: 11 Nov 1918
Canadian War Effort: 1918
Interwar Years, 1919 - 1938
Establishing the League of Nations: 1919
Canadian Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference: 1919
King and Canadian Foreign and Military Policy: 1921-1938
Chanak Crisis: 1922
Formation of the Royal Canadian Air Force: 1 Apr 1924
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria: 1931
Italian Invasion of Ethiopia: 1935
Spanish Civil War: 1936
Reorganization of the Royal Canadian Air Force: 1936
Reorganization of the Canadian Militia: 1936
Japanese Invasion of China: 7 July 1937
Second World War, 1939-45
1939
German Rearmament and Expansion: March 1939
Britain and France guarantee Polish Sovereignty: 31 March 1939
The Nazi-Soviet Pact of Non-Aggression: 23 August 1939
Canadian Mobilization: Aug 23-30 Sept 1939
The German Invasion of Poland - Canada Declares War: 10 September 1939
Royal Canadian Navy Escorts the First Transatlantic Convoy: 16 Sept 1939
Establishment of the British Commonwealth Air Training Program: 28 Sept 1939
1st Canadian Division Arrives in Britain: 17 Dec 1939
1940
Invasion of France and the Low Countries: 10 May-4 June 1940
Canadian Destroyers in the English Channel: 28 May-30 June 1940
Corvettes for the Royal Canadian Navy: June 1940
Canadian 1st Infantry Brigade in France: 13-18 June 1940
1st Canadian Division in Britain-"McNaughton's Flying Circus": July 1940
CPR Air Services Department: July 1940
Convoy System: 1940-1945
Battle of Britain: 1 Aug-17 Sept 1940
Ogdensburg Agreement: 17 Aug 1940
Royal Canadian Air Force Squadron Number 1: 24 Aug 1940
Royal Air Force Squadron Number 242-the "Canadian Squadron": Summer 1940
Royal Canadian Navy Convoy Escorts: Sept-Dec 1940
"Destroyers-for-Bases": 5 Sept 1940
British Commonwealth Air Training Program-First Pilots: 30 Sept 1940
First Atlantic Ferry Operation: 10 Nov 1940
1941
Battle of the Atlantic-Merchant Ships Lost to U-boats: 1941-1943
Battle of the Atlantic: 1941-1943
Royal Canadian Air Force Bomber Force: 23 Apr 1941-30 May 1942
"Murmansk Run": July 1941
"Operation Gauntlet"-Spitzbergen: 19 Aug-8 Sept 1941
Canadian Corvettes Sink First U-boat: 10 Sept 1941
Defence of Hong Kong: 8-25 Dec 1941
1942
Leonard J. Birchall-the "Saviour of Ceylon": 4 Apr 1942
HMCS Fort Ramsay : 1 May 1942
U-553 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: 10-12 May 1942
Canadian Pilots in Malta: June-Oct 1942
1st Special Service Force-"The Devil's Brigade": 9 July 1942
Dieppe: 19 Aug 1942
Convoy SC-107: Oct 1942
Sinking of the Proserpina: 26 Oct 1942
"Operation Torch" and the Royal Canadian Navy: 8 Nov 1942
1943
Battle of the Atlantic-the Tide Turns: 1943-1944
Royal Canadian Navy Corvettes in the Mediterranean: Jan-May 1943
Royal Canadian Air Force-Bomber Group 6: January 1943
Canadian 1st Division and the Sicily Landings: 9 July 1943
Royal Canadian Navy and the Sicily Campaign: 9 July-5 Aug 1943
Assoro, Sicily: 21-22 July 1943
Leonforte, Sicily: 22-23 July 1943
Kiska Landings: 15-16 Aug 1943
Invasion of Italy-the 1st Canadian Corps: 3 Sept 1943
Royal Canadian Air Force Lancasters: 9 Sept 1943
"Devil's Brigade" in Italy-Monte la Difensa: 2-3 Dec 1943
Crossing the Moro River: 9 Dec 1943
Casa Berardi: 14 Dec 1943
Ortona: 20-27 Dec 1943
1944
Canadian Destroyers in the English Channel: 25-29 Apr 1944
Breaching the "Hitler Line"-the 1st Canadian Corps in Italy: 23 May 1944
D-Day-Royal Canadian Navy Motor Torpedo Boat Operations: 6-8 June 1944
D-Day-the Royal Canadian Navy: 6 June 1944
D-Day-the Royal Canadian Air Force: 6 June 1944
D-Day-the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division: 6 June 1944
Carpiquet: 4 July 1944
Caen: 8-9 July 1944
2nd Canadian Corps-Operation Goodwood: 18 July 1944
1st Canadian Army: 23 July 1944
Falaise Gap: 7-21 Aug 1944
Gothic Line-1st Canadian Corps in Italy: 30 Aug-1 Sept 1944
Return to Dieppe: 1 Sept 1944
1st Canadian Army Enters Belgium: 7 Sept 1944
1st Canadian Army Clears the Scheldt Estuary: 2 Oct-8 Nov 1944
1945
Canadian Demobilization: 1945-1946
1st Canadian Army-the Offensive into Germany: 8 Feb 1945
29th Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla Disaster: 14 Feb 1945
Canadian Army Liberates Holland: Mar-Apr 1945
1st Canadian Corps Joins 1st Canadian Army: 15 Mar 1945
Surrender of the 25th German Army to the 1st Canadian Army: 5 May 1945
Unconditional Surrender of Germany: 7- 8 May 1945
War in the Pacific: 1 June-10 Aug 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan: 6-9 Aug 1945
Japanese Surrender: 10 Aug-2 Sept 1945
Gouzenko Affair: 5 Sept 1945
1946 to Present
1946-1956
Canada's First United Nations Mission-Korea: 1948-1949
UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948
Canadian Armed Forces and the United Nations: 1949-2001
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 4 Apr 1949
UN Military Observer Mission-India-Pakistan: 1949-1996
Canadian Military Expansion: 1950-1954
North American Air Defence - The Pine Tree, Mid-Canada and DEW Lines: 1950-1954
The F-86 Sabre – Royal Canadian Air Force: 1950
CF-100 “Canuck” – Royal Canadian Air Force Interceptor: 19 January 1950
Expansion for the Korean War and NATO: 1950 – 1954
The Korean War: 25 June 1950
Canadian Defence at Kap'yong-Hill 677: 24-25 Apr 1951
Battle for Hill 355─Korea: 22-25 Nov 1951
International Commission for Supervision and Control-Indochina: 1954-1974
Avro CF-105 Arrow: 1955-1959
Suez Crisis and the United Nations Emergency Force I: 1956
1957-1964
Bomarc Missile and the Nuclear Weapons Controversy: 1958-1963
UN Mission in the Congo: 2 Sept 1960-30 June 1964
Berlin Crisis and the Buildup of 4 CIBG: 1961-1968
The Royal Canadian Air Force – CF-101 Voodoo: 1961-1984
Royal Canadian Air Force—CF-104 Starfighter: 1961-1986
Cuban Missile Crisis: 25 Oct-12 Nov 1962
Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus: 15 Mar 1964-15 June 1993
Reorganization of the Canadian Armed Forces: 7 July 1964
Integration and Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces:7 July 1964-1 Feb 1968
1965-1979
UN Observation Mission-India and Pakistan: 1965-1966
UN Observation Mission-Yemen: 1965
Restructuring of the Canadian Armed Forces: 1969
October Crisis: 5 Oct-12 Nov 1970
United Nations Emergency Force II-The Middle East: 1973-1979
Canadian Airborne Regiment and the Defence of Nicosia Airport: July 1974
Canadian Armed Forces-Leopard Tanks: 1976
UN Interim Force in Lebanon: 1978
Multinational Force and Observers-Sinai: 1979
1980-1989
Canadian Armed Forces-CF-18 Hornets: 1982
UN Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1988-1990
UN Mission-Iran and Iraq: 1988-1991
HMCS Halifax: May 1988
UN Transition Group-Namibia: 1989-1990
UN Supervision of Elections in Nicaragua and Haiti: 1989-1991
UN Observers Group-Central America: 1989-1992
1990-2000
Oka Crisis-Kahnewake: 11 July-26 Sept 1990
Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf War: 2 Aug 1990-28 Feb 1991
UN Missions in Cambodia: 1991-1992
UN Verification Mission-Angola: 1991-1994
UN Mission in the Western Sahara: 1991-1994
UN Mission in El Salvador: 1991-1995
United Nations Observation and Weapons Inspection-Iraq-Kuwait: 1991
Dissolution of Yugoslavia: 1991
European Community Monitor Mission-Yugoslavia: 1991
UN Missions in Somalia: 1992-1995
United Nations Protection Force-the Balkans: Feb 1992-Dec 1996
1st Battalion, Le Royal 22e Régiment and the Opening of Sarajevo Airport: July 1992
UN Missions in Rwanda: 1993-1996
UN Missions in Haiti: 1993-1997
Canadian Armed Forces Withdraw from Europe: 30 July 1993
2PPCLI and the Reoccupation of the Medak Pocket-Croatia: 16 Sept 1993
Somalia Inquiry, 1994-1997
Implementation Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1996-1997
Stabilization Force in Bosnia: 1997
Kosovo: 1999
2001 to Present
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